Further Reading

Andreastuti, S., Budianto, A., & Paripurno, E. T. (2017). Integrating social and physical perspectives of mitigation policy and practice in Indonesia. In Observing the volcano world: Volcano crisis communication (pp. 307-320). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2016_36

Bird, D. K., Jóhannesdóttir, G., Reynisson, V., Karlsdóttir, S., Gudmundsson, M. T., & Gísladóttir, G. (2017). Crisis coordination and communication during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption. In Observing the volcano world: Volcano crisis communication (pp. 271-288). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2017_6

De la Cruz-Reyna, S., Tilling, R. I., & Valdés-González, C. (2017). Challenges in responding to a sustained, continuing volcanic crisis: the case of Popocatepétl volcano, Mexico, 1994-present. In Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication (pp. 235-252). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2016_37

Fearnley, C. J., McGuire, W. J., Davies, G., & Twigg, J. (2012). Standardisation of the USGS Volcano Alert Level System (VALS): analysis and ramifications. Bulletin of volcanology74(9), 2023-2036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-012-0645-6

Fearnley, C. J. (2013). Assigning a volcano alert level: negotiating uncertainty, risk, and complexity in decision-making processes. Environment and Planning a45(8), 1891-1911. https://doi.org/10.1068/a4542

Guffanti, M., & Miller, T. P. (2013). A volcanic activity alert-level system for aviation: review of its development and application in Alaska. Natural hazards69(3), 1519-1533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0761-4

Icelandic Met Office. (2025). Hazard map. https://en.vedur.is/volcanoes/fagradalsfjall-eruption/hazard-map/

Lechner, P., Tupper, A., Guffanti, M., Loughlin, S., & Casadevall, T. (2017). Volcanic ash and aviation—the challenges of real-time, global communication of a natural hazard. In Observing the volcano world: volcano crisis communication (pp. 51-64). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2016_49

McKee, C., Itikarai, I., & Davies, H. (2017). Instrumental volcano surveillance and community awareness in the lead-up to the 1994 eruptions at Rabaul, Papua New Guinea. In Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication (pp. 205-233). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2017_4

Newhall, C., & Solidum, R. U. (2017). Volcanic hazard communication at Pinatubo from 1991 to 2015. In Observing the volcano world: volcano crisis communication (pp. 189-203). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2016_43

Papale, P. (2017). Rational volcanic hazard forecasts and the use of volcanic alert levels. Journal of Applied Volcanology6(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-017-0064-7

Potter, S. H., Scott, B. J., Fearnley, C. J., Leonard, G. S., & Gregg, C. E. (2017). Challenges and benefits of standardising early warning systems: a case study of New Zealand’s Volcanic Alert Level System. In Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication (pp. 601-620). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2017_18

Servicio Geológico Colombiano. (2023). Colombia cambia su esquema de medición de la actividad volcánica. https://www2.sgc.gov.co/Noticias/Paginas/Colombia-cambia-su-esquema-de-medicion-de-la-actividad-volcanica.aspx

Winson, A. E., Costa, F., Newhall, C. G., & Woo, G. (2014). An analysis of the issuance of volcanic alert levels during volcanic crises. Journal of Applied Volcanology3(1), 14.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-014-0014-6